The Use of Force and Wars on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Use of Force and Wars on Terrorism - Essay Example The Charter’s Article 51 stipulates (Dinstein 2001, 161): â€Å"Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.† Hence, a country can respond in self-defence or self-preservation against a terrorist assault, but not unless the Security Council has performed steps needed to uphold security, peace, and order. The immunity for self-defence stated in Article 51 is the single clear omission to the prohibition of Article 2(4). This Article, according to Dinstein (2001), presumes that international law currently necessitates at least the possibility of a forthcoming armed attack before a nation may react forcefully or violently against the political independence or territorial integrity of another nation. Nevertheless, even as the terrorists have perpetrate d an armed assault, the right to wield force against the attackers positioned in a state is anomalous except if the terrorist activities can be attributed to the state (Kittrich 2008). Hence, an important question is when can terrorism be attributed to the state where in it manoeuvres? Since an assault against terrorism breaches the host state’s territorial integrity, the terrorists’ armed assault should be ascribed to that particular state (Kittrich 2008). It would then be legally acceptable to wield force against the terrorists positioned in that state. This paper tries to address this primary question: Do terrorists’ acts constitute a violation of Article 2(4), which justifies wars on terrorism as an act of self-defence under the UN Charter? Use of Force against Terrorism The impact of the UN Charter on a state’s innate right to embark on traditional self-preservation has long been a point of contention. Nevertheless, nowadays, many think that the trad itional international law authority to self-protection is unchanged by the Charter’s Article 51 and that this natural right to self-preservation involves a right to defensive self-protection (Boethe 2003). Others claim that Article 51 in fact removed preventative self-defence as a lawful rationale for the exercise of armed or violent force, and, without an armed attack, a nation should restrict itself to mobilizations to defend against such an assault, even despite of clear assault mobilizations being carried out by another nation (Penna 1991). This Article reinforces the argument of those who claim that states sustain the traditional natural right to defensive self-protection. Threats of international terrorism currently take place in the form of anachronistic groups that embody majority of the features of a state: organisation, preparation, training, disposed forces, resources, and possible possession of weapons of mass destruction. Nevertheless, dissimilar from states, the se terrorist groups are headed by people who are ready to use suicide operations routinely and who show a complete disrespect to the authority of law and human life (Dinstein 2001). Certainly, the success of such assaults relies on a state unaware of how or when these assaults will subsequently take place. Hence, a state may legally respond on the supposition that, due to the constantly displayed unusual characteristic and operational strategies of particular transnational terrorist groups, an assault by such

The final project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The final project - Research Paper Example Precisely, behavioral aspect of budgeting is summarized as participation, budget slack, politics, group effects, motivation and feedback. Financial accountants, economists as well as financial analyst are all involved in the process of developing a budget (Deegan & Unerman, 2006). A budgeting design where by the people involved are active members of the business or organization is known as participative budgeting. This kind of budgetary design ends up creating budget that is more realistic and adoptable. It pulls up employees’ morale and it cats a gauge for their effort in the growth and development of the business and or organization (Shah, 2007). As opposed to top-down budget that is generally imposed on employees by the executive directors and managers, participative budgeting takes into account the opinions and contributions of others. However, if the budget design is purely participative then the resulting budget may not put into consideration some of the high level strategic plans. If an organization has to use participative budgeting design them the top management must serve other people involved in the process with write-ups indicative expected outcome of the budgeting process. In literature, the models of budgetary participation between superiors and subordinates have been identified, with emphasis on who has the greater influence on the budget outcome. (Brown et al., 2013; Brink et al., 2012; Chong, K., & Chong, M., 2002; Chenhall, 1986; Wentzel, 2002; Lindquist, 1995). While Brown et al. (2013). developed a subordinate and superior-set theory, Brink et al. (2012) made their division based on the roles superiors play in the budgetary process namely active or passive players. This subdivision alludes to the principle that budget outcomes are being determined by the interaction between superiors and subordinate. In Brown et al. (2013) subordinate set theory and Brink et al. (2012) committed